What parents should know about infant & children mental health

We often think of childhood as carefree, but for many children, emotional and mental struggles begin much earlier than we realise. In fact, around 50% of adult mental illnesses begin before the age of 14, according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Moreover, Young Minds Matter found the following statistics in their most recent survey:

• Around one in seven Australian children and teens aged 4 to 17 were living with a mental disorder in the past year.

• ADHD was the most common mental disorder in children and adolescents (7.4%), followed by anxiety disorders (6.9%), major depressive disorder (2.8%) and conduct disorder (2.1%).

Left unaddressed, the effects of mental health and behavioural challenges in childhood often continue into adulthood.  That’s why early support makes such a difference. By understanding what’s typical and when something might be a sign of deeper concern, you can feel more confident in recognising early signs and finding the right help for your child. 

This guide will take you through what to look for, when to reach out, and where to find trusted support across Australia.

Should you be concerned with your child’s mental health?

Early childhood is a critical period of brain development. The relationships, environments, and emotional experiences children are exposed to literally shape how their brains grow. 

Positive early experiences promote mental resilience, while neglect, trauma, and chronic stress can increase the risk of emotional and behavioural challenges later in life.

Mental health issues in children can lead to:

• Behavioural difficulties, including aggression or defiance

• Social challenges, like isolation or bullying

• Learning difficulties or disengagement from school

• Low self-esteem or trouble regulating emotions

• Long-term mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety

Family history of mental illness also increases the likelihood of childhood mental health conditions. A child whose parents have experienced anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia may be genetically predisposed to similar conditions.

But genetics are only part of the picture. Parenting style, family stress, bullying (including cyberbullying), exposure to violence, and school experiences all play a role in a child’s mental health outcomes.

Common signs of mental illness in babies and toddlers

It’s easy to assume that babies and toddlers are too young to experience mental health issues, but they can and do show signs of distress. Because they can't yet express their feelings with words, these signs often appear through behaviour, development, and how they interact with others.

In babies (0 to 12 months), be cautious of:

• Poor eye contact or lack of interest in faces

• Limited smiling or emotional expression

• Feeding or sleeping difficulties not linked to physical health

• Lack of response to soothing or comfort

• Delayed motor or communication milestones

In toddlers (1 to 3 years), warning signs include:

• Excessive tantrums that are intense and frequent

• Aggression toward caregivers, pets, or themselves

• Difficulty separating from parents beyond what’s developmentally expected

• Fearfulness, nervousness, or withdrawal in new or familiar situations

• Failure to engage in play or curiosity about the environment

These signs don’t automatically mean your child has a mental illness. However, when behaviours are persistent, extreme, or interfere with everyday life, it’s time to seek advice from a trusted health professional.

Common signs of mental illness in children

As children grow, emotional and behavioural difficulties may become more obvious, especially when they start school and are required to follow routines, focus for longer periods, and interact with peers.

The usual signs of mental health concerns in children include:

• Persistent sadness, worry, or irritability

• Difficulty concentrating, sitting still, or following instructions (possible signs of ADHD)

• Frequent arguments, outbursts, or defiant behaviour

• Avoiding school or complaining of frequent physical symptoms without a medical cause

• Changes in sleep, appetite, or energy levels

• Talking about self-harm, feeling worthless, or wanting to disappear

• Withdrawal from family, friends, or usual activities

• Difficulty making or keeping friends, possibly linked to social communication challenges (often seen in autism spectrum disorder)

According to the 2024 AEDC national report, about 23.5% of Australian children are developmentally vulnerable on one or more AEDC domains, which include social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, and communication skills.

It's also important to consider environmental factors. Children who have experienced neglect or bullying are likely to develop anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. A safe, supportive environment at home and school can act as a protective buffer.

When to see a healthcare professional

Some emotional ups and downs are part of childhood. But if your child’s behaviour or mood causes concern, persists over time, or interferes with their daily life, it’s important to get professional support.

You should consider speaking to a professional if:

• The symptoms last more than 2 to 4 weeks and don’t improve

• There is a regression in skills (e.g., toilet training, speech)

• You notice a sudden or extreme change in mood or behaviour

• Emotional challenges impact school, relationships, or home life

• Your child expresses thoughts of self-harm or hopelessness

• You as a parent feel overwhelmed and unsure of what to do

Your GP, maternal child health nurse, or paediatrician can refer you to the right specialists. This might include a child psychologist, occupational therapist, or speech pathologist, depending on the nature of the concerns.

Some schools can also offer support through counsellors, learning specialists, or wellbeing programs. If you’re concerned, consider speaking with your child’s teacher—they can provide helpful insight into your child’s behaviour in the classroom.

Free resources for parents

Getting help doesn’t have to be expensive. There are plenty of free and accessible services for Australian parents and carers to support children’s mental health and development.

You can also speak to your local community health centre or contact your GP for a referral under a Mental Health Treatment Plan, which provides Medicare-subsidised sessions with a psychologist.

Final thoughts

Raising a child is full of joys and challenges, and it’s completely normal to feel unsure at times. What matters most is being present, paying attention, and seeking help when you need it.

If your child is facing difficulties with emotional regulation, learning, behaviour, or friendships, support is available. You don’t have to wait for a diagnosis or a crisis to take action. Whether you’re worried about autism, ADHD, anxiety, or just feel something isn’t quite right, it’s best to trust your instincts, connect with the right professionals, and start a conversation.

References:

• Australian Early Development Census. (2024). AEDC national report (Early childhood development in Australia). www.aedc.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/aedc_national-report-2024_da7-409a37b9d-95ce-43e7-af00-51aa604cf0b3.pdf?sfvrsn=b56015ba_1

• Australian Early Development Census. (2024). About the AEDC domains. www.aedc.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/about-the-aedc-domains.pdf?sfvrsn=e013b8d1_1

• Australian Government - National Mental Health Commission. (2023). The national children’s mental health and wellbeing strategy report. www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/projects/childrens-strategy/childrens-mental-health-wellbeing-strategy/childrens-mental-health-wellbeing-strategy-report

• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2025). Prevalence and impact of mental illness. www.aihw.gov.au/mental-health/overview/prevalence-and-impact-of-mental-illness

• The Kids Research Institute Australia. (2025). Prevalence of mental disorders. www.youngmindsmatter.thekids.org.au/our-research/prevalence-of-mental-disorders/